Te pupuri wai o te moata paura maroke

1. Te tikanga o te pupuri wai

Ko nga momo turanga katoa e hiahia ana ki te kumete mo te hanga he tohu mo te whakauru wai. I muri i te paparanga turanga o te wai i roto i te kumete, ka kino te hanga o te moata, a, i roto i nga keehi kino, ka kore e tino whakamakuku nga mea cimentitious i roto i te kumete, ka iti te kaha, ina koa te kaha atanga i waenga i te moata whakapakeke. me te paparanga turanga, ka pakaru te moata ka taka. Mena he pai te mahi pupuri wai o te raima raima, kaore e taea te whakapai ake i te mahi hangahanga o te kumete, engari ka uaua ano te wai i roto i te kumete ki te whakauru ki te paparanga turanga me te whakarite kia pai te whakamakuku o te sima.

2. Nga raruraru ki nga tikanga pupuri wai tuku iho

Ko te otinga tawhito ko te whakamakuku i te turanga, engari kaore e taea te whakarite kia rite te makuku o te turanga. Ko te whainga pai o te hydration o te kumete ciment i runga i te turanga ko te hua o te hydration sima ka mimiti te wai me te turanga, ka uru ki roto ki te turanga, ka hanga he "hononga matua" whai hua ki te turanga, kia tutuki ai te kaha here e hiahiatia ana. Ko te whakamakuku tika i runga i te mata o te turanga ka nui te mararatanga i roto i te whakauru wai o te turanga na te rerekee o te pāmahana, te wa whakamakuku, me te riterite o te whakamakuku. He iti ake te whakauru wai o te turanga, ka mau tonu te wai i roto i te kumete. I mua i te puta o te whakamakuku ciment, ka uru te wai, e pa ana ki te waiu ciment me te urunga o nga hua whakamakuku ki roto i te matrix; he nui te momi wai o te turanga, ka rere te wai i roto i te kumete ki te turanga. He puhoi te tere o te hekenga o te reo, a ka hangaia he paparanga wai-wai i waenga i te kumete me te matrix, e pa ana ki te kaha here. Na reira, te whakamahi i te tikanga whakamakuku turanga noa e kore anake e taka ki te whakaoti tika i te raruraru o te nui absorption wai o te turanga taiepa, engari ka pā te kaha hononga i waenganui i te kumete me te turanga, hua i roto i te hollowing me te kapiti.

3. Nga whakaritenga mo nga moata rereke mo te pupuri wai

Ko nga taumata o te reiti pupuri wai mo te raima moata e whakamahia ana ki tetahi waahi me nga waahi e rite ana nga ahuatanga o te pāmahana me te makuku kei raro iho nei.

①Ko te moata whakakikorua i te tïpako whakauru wai

Ko nga taputapu whakauru wai teitei e tohuhia ana e te raima kua uru ki te hau, tae atu ki nga momo papa wehewehe maramara, poraka, me etahi atu, he ahuatanga o te whakauru wai nui me te roa. Ko te moata raima e whakamahia ana mo tenei momo paparanga turanga me whai te reiti pupuri wai kia kaua e iti iho i te 88%.

②Kua whakakikoruatia te kumete moata moata

Ko nga taputapu whakauru wai iti e tohuhia ana e te raima maka-i-waahi, tae atu ki nga papa polystyrene mo te whakamaarama o te pakitara o waho, me etahi atu, he iti noa te whakauru wai. Ko te moata raima e whakamahia ana mo enei taputapu me whai te reiti pupuri wai kia kaua e iti iho i te 88%.

③papa angiangi raima mota

Ko te raima papa angiangi e pa ana ki te hanga raima me te matotoru paparanga raima kei waenga i te 3 me te 8 mm. Ko tenei momo hanga raima he ngawari te ngaro o te makuku na te paparanga raima angiangi, e pa ana ki te mahi me te kaha. Mo te moata e whakamahia ana mo tenei momo raima, ko te tere o te pupuri wai kaore i te iti iho i te 99%.

④Matotoru paparanga raima moata

Ko te raima paparanga matotoru e tohu ana ki te hanga raima kei waenga i te 8mm me te 20mm te matotoru o tetahi paparanga raima. Ko tenei ahua o te hanga raima ehara i te mea ngawari ki te ngaro te wai na te paparanga raima matotoru, na te tere o te pupuri wai o te moata raima kaua e iti iho i te 88%.

⑤Wai-ātete putty

Ka whakamahia te putty-wai-a-wai hei papanga raima ultra-aniangi, a ko te matotoru o te hanganga kei waenganui i te 1 me te 2mm. Ko enei rauemi e hiahia ana ki nga waahi pupuri wai tino nui hei whakarite i to raatau mahi me te kaha here. Mo nga rauemi putty, kaua e iti iho i te 99% te reiti pupuri wai, me nui ake te reiti pupuri wai o te putty mo nga pakitara o waho i to putty mo nga pakitara o roto.

4. Nga momo taonga pupuri wai

Ether Cellulose

1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)

2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)

3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)

4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)

5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)

Maaka etera

1) Ether māngaro kua whakarereketia

2) Guar ether

Whakarerekehia te kohuke pupuri wai kohuke (montmorillonite, bentonite, etc.)

E rima, ko nga mea e whai ake nei e aro ana ki te mahi o nga momo taonga

1. Cellulose ether

1.1 Tirohanga mo te Cellulose Ether

Ko te Ether Cellulose he kupu whanui mo te raupapa o nga hua ka puta mai i te tauhohenga o te cellulose alkali me te kaihoko whakaea i raro i etahi tikanga. He rereke nga momo ethers cellulose na te mea ka whakakapihia te muka kawakore e nga momo etherification rereke. E ai ki nga ahuatanga o te ionization o ona whakakapinga, ka taea te wehea nga ether cellulose ki nga waahanga e rua: te katote, penei i te carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), me te nonionic, penei i te methyl cellulose (MC).

E ai ki nga momo whakakapinga, ka taea te wehea nga etera cellulose ki nga monoethers, penei i te methyl cellulose ether (MC), me nga eter whakauru, penei i te hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC). E ai ki nga rereke rereke ka memeha, ka taea te wehewehe ki nga momo e rua: te wai-wairewa me te wairewa-wairewa.

1.2 Nga momo cellulose matua

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), tohu mahi whakakapinga: 0.4-1.4; te kaihoko whakamaarama, te waikawa monooxyacetic; te whakarewa whakarewa, te wai;

Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), tohu whaitake o te whakakapi: 0.7-1.0; te kaihoko whakamaarama, te waikawa monooxyacetic, te ethylene oxide; te whakarewa whakarewa, te wai;

Methylcellulose (MC), tohu mahi whakakapinga: 1.5-2.4; māngai etherification, methyl chloride; te whakarewa whakarewa, te wai;

Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), tohu mahi whakakapinga: 1.3-3.0; te kaihoko whakamaarama, te ethylene oxide; te whakarewa whakarewa, te wai;

Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), tohu whaitake o te whakakapi: 1.5-2.0; te kaihoko whakamaarama, te ethylene oxide, te methyl chloride; te whakarewa whakarewa, te wai;

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), tohu whaitake o te whakakapi: 2.5-3.5; te kaihoko whakamaarama, propylene oxide; te whakarewa whakarewa, te wai;

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), tohu whaitake o te whakakapi: 1.5-2.0; he kaihoko whakamaarama, propylene oxide, methyl chloride; te whakarewa whakarewa, te wai;

Ethyl cellulose (EC), tohu whaitake o te whakakapi: 2.3-2.6; he kaihoko whakamaarama, monochloroethane; whakarewa whakarewa, whakarewa pararopi;

Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), tohu whaitake o te whakakapi: 2.4-2.8; te kaihoko whakamaarama, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide; whakarewa whakarewa, whakarewa pararopi;

1.3 Nga ahuatanga o te cellulose

1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)

①Ka whakarewahia te Methylcellulose ki te wai matao, a ka uaua te memeha ki te wai wera. He tino pumau tona otinga wai i te awhe PH=3-12. He pai te hototahitanga ki te māngaro, kapia guar, aha atu, me te maha o nga surfactants. Ka tae te pamahana ki te mahana o te wai, ka puta te wai.

②Ko te pupuri wai o te methylcellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te taapiri, te pokey, te pai o te matūriki me te tere memeha. Ko te tikanga, mena he nui te taapiri, he iti te pai, he nui te pokey, he nui te pupuri wai. I roto i a raatau, ko te nui o te taapiri he tino paanga ki te pupuri i te wai, me te iti rawa o te pokey e kore e tika ki te taumata o te pupuri wai. Ko te tere o te whakakore i te nuinga ka whakawhirinaki ki te tohu o te whakarereketanga o te mata o nga matūriki cellulose me te pai o te matūriki. I waenga i nga etera cellulose, he nui ake te reeti pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose.

③Ko te huringa o te pāmahana ka tino pa ki te reiti pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose. Ko te tikanga, ka nui ake te pāmahana, ka kino te pupuri wai. Mena ka nui ake te pāmahana moata ki te 40°C, ka tino rawakore te pupuri wai o te methyl cellulose, ka tino pa ki te hanga o te moata.

④ Ko te Methyl cellulose he painga nui ki te hanga me te piri o te kumete. Ko te “adhesion” i konei e pa ana ki te kaha whakapiri i rongohia i waenga i te taputapu tono a te kaimahi me te tïpako pakitara, ara, te parenga kutikuti o te moata. He tiketike te adhesiveness, he nui te parenga kutikuti o te moata, me kaha ake nga kaimahi i te wa e whakamahia ana, a ka ngoikore te mahi hanga o te moata. Ko te piri o te Methyl cellulose kei te taumata ngawari i roto i nga hua cellulose ether.

1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)

Ko te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose he hua muka e tere haere ana te whakaputa me te kai i nga tau tata nei.

He katote-kore te cellulose i konatunatua ether i hangaia mai i te miro parakore i muri i te whakamaaramatanga, ma te whakamahi i te propylene oxide me te methyl chloride hei maatete whakaeera, me te maha o nga tauhohenga. Ko te tohu whakakapinga ko te tikanga 1.5-2.0. He rereke ona ahuatanga na te rereke o nga owehenga o te ihirangi methoxyl me te ihirangi hydroxypropyl. He nui te methoxyl me te iti o te hydroxypropyl, he tata te mahi ki te methyl cellulose; iti te ihirangi methoxyl me te ihirangi hydroxypropyl teitei, he tata te mahi ki te hydroxypropyl cellulose.

①Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose he ngawari te whakarewa ki te wai matao, a ka uaua te memeha ki te wai wera. Engari he tino teitei ake te pāmahana o te wai wera i tera o te methyl cellulose. Ko te memehatanga i roto i te wai matao ka tino pai ake ki te methyl cellulose.

② Ko te viscosity o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e pa ana ki tona taumaha ngota, me te teitei ake o te taumaha ngota, te teitei ake o te viscosity. Ka pa ano te pamahana ki tona pokey, i te pikinga o te pāmahana, ka heke te pokey. Engari he iti ake te paheketanga o te pāmahana i te methyl cellulose. He pūmau tana otinga ina penapena ki te pāmahana rūma.

③Ko te pupuri wai o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te taapiri, te pokey, me etahi atu, me te reiti pupuri wai i raro i te nui o te taapiri he nui ake i tera o te methyl cellulose.

④Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose he pumau ki te waikawa me te kawakawa, a he tino pumau tona otinga wai i te awhe o PH=2-12. He iti te awe o te houra me te wai kotakota ki te mahi, engari ka taea e te kawakore te tere ake i te memeha me te whakanui paku i tona pokey. Ko te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose he pumau ki nga tote noa, engari ka nui te kukū o te wairewa tote, ka piki ake te pokey o te otinga hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

⑤Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ka taea te konatunatua ki te wai-wairewa polymers ki te hanga i te otinga rite, me te marama ki te pokey teitei. Pērā i te waipiro polyvinyl, te māngaro ether, te kāpia huawhenua, aha atu.

⑥ Ko te Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose he pai ake te atete i te methylcellulose, a he iti ake te whakaheke o tana otinga e nga enzyme i te methylcellulose.

⑦Ko te piri o te hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ki te hanga kumete he teitei ake i tera o te methylcellulose.

1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)

He mea hanga mai i te miro para parakore kua rongoatia ki te kawakore, ka tauhohe ki te ethylene oxide hei kaihoko whakaetere i te aroaro o te acetone. Ko te tohu whakakapinga ko te tikanga 1.5-2.0. He kaha te hydrophilicity me te ngawari ki te tango i te makuku.

①Hydroxyethyl cellulose he wairewa ki te wai matao, engari he uaua ki te memeha ki te wai wera. He pūmau tana otinga i te pāmahana teitei kaore he reera. Ka taea te whakamahi mo te wa roa i raro i te wera nui i roto i te kumete, engari he iti ake te pupuri wai i tera o te methyl cellulose.

②Hydroxyethyl cellulose he pūmau ki te waikawa whānui me te alkali. Ka taea e te Alkali te whakatere i tona whakakorenga me te whakanui paku i tona pokey. Ko tona mararatanga i roto i te wai he paku kino atu i tera o te methyl cellulose me te hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.

③Hydroxyethyl cellulose he pai te mahi anti-sag mo te kumete, engari he roa ake te wa whakaroa mo te sima.

④Ko te mahi o te hydroxyethyl cellulose i hangaia e etahi umanga a-whare he iti ake i tera o te methyl cellulose na te nui o te wai me te nui o te pungarehu.

1.3.4 Ko te Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) he mea hanga mai i nga muka taiao (kotono, hemp, me etahi atu) i muri i te maimoatanga alkali, ma te whakamahi i te konutai monochloroacetate hei kaihoko etherification, me te whai i nga raupapa o nga maimoatanga tauhohenga ki te hanga i te katote cellulose ether. Ko te tohu o te whakakapi i te nuinga o te 0.4-1.4, a ko tana mahi ka tino pa ki te tohu o te whakakapi.

①Carboxymethyl cellulose he tino hygroscopic, a he nui te wai kei roto ina rongoa i raro i nga tikanga whanui.

②Hydroxymethyl cellulose wairewa wai e kore e puta he ra, ka heke te pokey ki te piki o te pāmahana. Ka nui ake te mahana ki te 50 ℃, kare e taea te huri te pokey.

③ Ko tona pumau ka tino pa ki te pH. Ko te tikanga, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te kumete i runga i te gypsum, engari kaua i roto i te kumete-sima. Ka tino kawakore, ka ngaro te pokey.

④ He iti rawa te pupuri wai i to te methyl cellulose. He awenga whakamuri i runga i te kumete i runga i te gypsum me te whakaheke i tona kaha. Engari, he iti rawa te utu o te carboxymethyl cellulose i to te methyl cellulose.

2. Etera māngaro kua whakarereketia

Ko nga ethers maaka e whakamahia ana i roto i te kumete ka whakarereketia mai i nga polymer taiao o etahi polysaccharides. Pērā i te rīwai, te kānga, te cassava, te pīni guar, me ētahi atu, ka whakarerekētia ki ngā momo etera māngaro. Ko nga ethers starch e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i te kumete he hydroxypropyl starch ether, hydroxymethyl starch ether, etc.

Ko te tikanga, he iti ake te pupuri wai o nga etero maaka i whakarerekehia mai i te rīwai, te kānga, me te cassava i te ether cellulose. Na te rereke o te whakarereketanga, he rereke te pumau ki te waikawa me te alkali. Ko etahi o nga hua e pai ana mo te whakamahi i roto i nga moata-a-gypsum, ko etahi kaore e taea te whakamahi i roto i nga moata raima. Ko te tono o te maaka ether i roto i te kumete ka whakamahia hei peera hei whakapai ake i nga taonga anti-sagging o te kumete, te whakaiti i te piri o te kumete maku, me te whakaroa i te wa whakatuwheratanga.

He maha nga wa e whakamahia tahi ai nga ethers starch me te cellulose, ka whai hua nga hua me nga painga o nga hua e rua. I te mea he iti ake te utu o nga hua ether maaka i te cellulose ether, na te tono o te ether starch i roto i te kumete ka tino heke te utu mo te hanga moata.

3. Guar gum ether

Ko te Guar gum ether he momo polysaccharide etherified me nga ahuatanga motuhake, he mea whakarereke mai i nga pini guar taiao. Ko te nuinga ma te tauhohenga etherification i waenga i te kapia guar me nga roopu mahi kiriaku, ka hangaia he hanganga kei roto nga roopu mahi 2-hydroxypropyl, he hanganga polygalactomannose.

①Ka whakatauritea ki te cellulose ether, he ngawari ake te rewa o te guar gum ether ki te wai. Ko te tikanga kaore he painga o te PH ki te mahi o te guar gum ether.

②I raro i nga tikanga o te iti te pokey me te iti o te inenga, ka taea e te kapia guar te whakakapi i te cellulose ether i roto i te rite te nui, a he rite tonu te pupuri wai. Engari ko te rite, anti-sag, thixotropy me etahi atu kua tino pai ake.

③I raro i nga tikanga o te pokey teitei me te inenga nui, kaore e taea e te guar gum te whakakapi i te cellulose ether, a ma te whakakotahitanga o nga mea e rua ka pai ake te mahi.

④Ma te whakamahi i te kapia guar i roto i te kumete i runga i te gypsum ka taea te whakaiti i te piri i te wa e hanga ana, ka pai ake te hanga. Kaore he paanga kino ki te wa whakatuu me te kaha o te moata gypsum.

⑤ Ka whakamahia te kapia guar ki te raima me te raima raima, ka taea e ia te whakakapi i te cellulose ether kia rite te nui, me te whakawhiwhi i te moata kia pai ake te aukati, te thixotropy me te maeneene o te hanga.

⑥I roto i te kumete he nui te pokey me te nui o te ihirangi o te kai pupuri wai, ka mahi tahi te kapia guar me te cellulose ether ki te whakatutuki i nga hua tino pai.

⑦ Ka taea hoki te whakamahi kapia Guar i roto i nga hua penei i te whakapiri tira, nga kaiwhakatairite whenua, te putty-wai, me te moata polymer mo te whakamaarama taiepa.

4. Whakarerekehia te kohuke pupuri wai kohuke

Ko te whakamarumaru pupuri wai i hangaia mai i nga kohuke taiao na roto i te whakarereketanga me te whakahuihui kua whakamahia i Haina. Ko nga kohuke matua e whakamahia ana ki te whakarite i nga kaitao wai-wai ko: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, aha atu. Kei enei kohuke etahi ahuatanga pupuri wai me te whakapakeke na roto i te whakarereketanga penei i nga taputapu hono. Ko tenei ahua o te whakamarumaru pupuri wai e whakamahia ana ki te kumete e whai ake nei nga ahuatanga.

① Ka taea e ia te whakapai ake i te mahi o te kumete noa, me te whakaoti i nga raru o te ngoikore o te mahi o te kumete ciment, te iti o te kaha o te kumete whakauru, me te ngoikore o te wai.

② Ka taea te hanga i nga hua moata he rereke nga taumata kaha mo nga whare ahumahi me nga whare taangata.

③He iti te utu rauemi.

④ He iti ake te pupuri i te wai i te wai o te wai kaiao, a he nui te uara whakaheke maroke o te kumete kua oti te whakarite, ka heke te whakakotahitanga.